Disclaimer

The materials contained on this website have been prepared and published for informational purposes only and are not legal advice. There is no effort or intention to solicit new clients or new engagements from existing clients by way of this website; nor should any of the information published on the website be construed as representing any of our lawyers' or members’ availability to practice in jurisdictions where they are not authorized to do so.

None of these materials is offered, nor should be construed, as legal advice. Transmission of the information is not intended to create, and receipt does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. The creation of the attorney-client relationship would require direct, personal contact between you and Cogent’s legal branch through one or more attorneys and would also require an explicit agreement by Cogent’s legal branch that confirms that an attorney-client relationship is established and the terms of that relationship.

You should not act or rely upon information contained in these materials without specifically seeking professional legal advice. You should not rely upon transmission of an e-mail through this website to create an attorney-client relationship. Without an attorney-client relationship in the particular matter, we cannot assure that your communications via the website will be privileged or that we will treat it as privileged, unless we reach an explicit agreement otherwise. Therefore, please do not send confidential or sensitive information to us by e-mail through this website.

The description anywhere on this website of the results of any specific case or transaction does not mean or suggest that similar results can or could be obtained in any other matter. Each legal matter should be considered to be unique and subject to varying results. Past results obtained by Cogent attorneys are no guarantee of future results.

While we have attempted to maintain information on this website as accurately as possible, this information may contain errors or omissions, for which we disclaim liability. This website contains information on legal issues and is not a substitute for legal advice from a qualified attorney licensed in the appropriate jurisdiction. Cogent expressly disclaims all liability with respect to actions taken or not taken based on any or all of the contents of this website.

This site offers links to other resources on the Internet merely as a convenience. We do not take any responsibility for the content, accuracy, or timeliness of those other sites; nor do we endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on those sites.

By contacting Cogent or any of its attorneys, consultants, or employees, you agree that Cogent may review any information that you transmit to us, whether submitted at our request or not. You recognize that our review of any unsolicited information you may submit, even if you submitted it in a good faith effort to retain us, and, further, even if it is highly confidential, does not preclude us from representing another client directly adverse to you, even in a matter in which that information could and will be used against you.

You should not send confidential information or information that you regard as privileged to Cogent until you have received written confirmation from Cogent of its willingness to provide the legal services you may request. The content of any correspondence you send via the Internet will not be considered confidential unless you have received such written confirmation.

Cogent has endeavored to comply with all applicable legal and ethical requirements in compiling this site. Under no circumstances will Cogent undertake any engagement that conflicts with any ethical, statutory, or other requirement applicable to the performance of professional legal services.

Last updated: July 24, 2025